Freemasonry and the Lewis and Clark Expedition: Timeline

This timeline only shows when these events in masonic history took place. Please select from the links in the previous article and read the following articles for a more in depth understanding regarding the connection to Freemasonry and the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The reason the timeline stops in the late 1850's is this series mainly focuses on the connection between the expedition and Freemasonry and the American Civil War was just around the corner at this point in history.

927 BC - Construction of King Solomon's Temple was started.
1390 - The Regius Poem was the oldest of the old constitutions.
Prior to 1600 - Operative masons worked in one of the building trades.
July 30, 1599 - Oldest lodge record from Edinburgh Lodge No. 1.
1600 - Operative masonry started to develop into speculative masonry.
By 1700 - Numerous masonic lodges existed in England.
Early 1700 's - A number of Masons were allowed to meet, form a Time Immemorial Lodges, and conduct Masonic work.

1704 - Jonathan Belcher was the first native-born American to be made a Mason.
June 24, 1717 - The Premier Grand Lodge of England is formed.
1725 - The Grand Lodge of Ireland is formed.
1727 - The Carmick Manuscript was written.
1730 - The Grand Lodge of England (Moderns) began to issue Warrants for Provincial Grand Lodges in the colonies.

1730 to 1732 - "Coxe" Provincial Grand Lodge existed, moderns. It was granted jurisdiction over New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

1733 - Provincial Grand Lodge of New England was formed. Provincial Grand Lodge of Massachusetts was formed.

1736 - Provincial Grand Lodge of South Carolina was formed. Grand Lodge of Scotland was formed.
1738 to 1780's - Provincial Grand Lodge of New York was formed, Moderns.
1738 to 1753 - The warrant for the Provincial Grand Lodge of New York was issued to Francis Goelet.
1753 - 1771 - The warrant or the Provincial Grand Lodge of New York was issued to George Harrison.
1757 - Provincial Grand Lodge for North America was formed, Scotland.
1759 - Provincial Grand Lodge of Canada was formed.
1771 - The warrant warrant for the Provincial Grand Lodge of New York was issued to Sir John Anderson. who fled to Canada during the American Revolution leaving New York with out a Grand Master.

1751 - Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of England, also known as Antients also called Ancients was formed.

November 4, 1752 - George Washington was made a Mason.
1761 - Provincial Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania was formed, Ancients.
1775 - American Revolution begins.

An African American, Prince Hall, along with 14 other African Americans were initiated into an Irish Constitution Military Lodge.

Grand Master Sir John Anderson fled to Canada with the warrant for the Provincial Grand Lodge of New York, leaving New York without a Grand Master and charter.

1778 - Grand Lodge of Virginia was formed as an independent Grand Lodge.
1781 to 1784 - Provincial Grand Lodge of New York is formed, Ancients.

The final Provincial Grand Master, Chancellor Robert R. Livingston, was Master of a Lodge under the jurisdiction of the Moderns. This brought the two, Ancients and Moderns, together into one Grand Lodge.

1782 - Grand Lodge of New York was formed.
1783 - American Revolution ends.
1784 - Prince Hall and the 14 other African Americans apply for a Charter or Warrant from the Grand Lodge of England granting them the ability to meet and work as Masons. They formed African Lodge #459.

1786 - Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania is formed as an independent Grand Lodge.
December 16, 1786 - Independent Grand Lodge of Georgia is formed.
December 18, 1786 - Independent Grand Lodge of New Jersey is formed.
1787 - Grand Lodge of New York declares itself independent from England.
December 9, 1787 - The independent Grand Lodge's of Maryland and North Carolina are formed.
1788 - Independent Grand Lodge of South Carolina is formed.
1789 - Independent Grand Lodge of Connecticut is formed.
1791 - Independent Grand Lodge of Rhode Island is formed.
1792 - Independent Grand Lodge of Massachusetts is formed, but was a continuation of the Provincial Grand Lodge of New England.

September 18, 1793 - Cornerstone of the National Capitol was laid in a Masonic Ceremony by Bro. George Washington.

1794 - Independent Grand Lodge of Vermont is formed.
1797 - Thomas Smith Webb published the First Edition of the Freemasons Monitor.
1800 - Grand Lodge of Kentucky if formed.
April 30, 1803 - Louisiana Purchase is completed.
May 21, 1804 - Lewis and Clark Expedition begins.
September 23, 1806 - Lewis and Clark Expedition ends.
1806 - Grand Lodge of Delaware is formed.
1808 - Grand Lodge of Ohio is formed.
1811 - Grand Lodge of The District of Columbia is formed.
1812 - Grand Lodge of Louisiana is formed.
1813 - Grand Lodge of Tennessee is formed.
January 13, 1817 - Grand Lodge of Indiana is formed.
July 27, 1818 - Grand Lodge of Mississippi is formed.
1820 - Grand Lodge of Maine is formed.
April 21, 1821 - Grand Lodge of Missouri is formed
June 11, 1821 - Grand Lodge of Alabama is formed.
1826 - Grand Lodge of Michigan is formed.
William Morgan, who was purported to be Freemason, disappears.

1830 - Grand Lodge of Florida is formed.
1838 - Grand Lodge of Texas is formed.
1839 - The Grand Lodge of Alabama called for a convention of all existing Grand Lodge jurisdictions to attend.

1840 - Grand Lodge of Illinois is formed. Previous Grand Lodge was 1822 - 1827.
March 7, 1842 - The first meeting of the Grand Lodge jurisdictions was held in Washington D. C. It came to be known as the Baltimore Convention.
May 8-17, 1843 - The second Baltimore Convention is held.
1843 - Grand Lodge of Wisconsin is formed.
1844 - Grand Lodge of Iowa is formed.
1850 - Grand Lodge of California is formed.
1851 - Grand Lodge of Oregon is formed.
1853 - Grand Lodge of Minnesota is formed.
1855 - Grand Lodge of Canada in the Province of Ontario is formed.
1856 - Grand Lodge of Kansas is formed.
1857 - Grand Lodge of Nebraska is formed.
1858 - Grand Lodge of Washington State is formed.


Previous articles:
Freemasonry and the Lewis and Clark Expedition: Introduction
Freemasonry and the Lewis and Clark Expedition: Thank You
Freemasonry and the Lewis and Clark Expedition: Information Sources

Freemasonry and the Lewis and Clark Expedition: Information Sources

Information sources used in the research for this series of articles:

Web sites -

Grand Lodges:

Grand Lodge of England

Grand Lodge of Massachusetts

Grand Lodge of New Hampshire

Grand Lodge of Vermont

Grand Lodge of Rhode Island

Grand Lodge of Connecticut

Grand Lodge of New York

Grand Lodge of New Jersey

Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania

Grand Lodge of Delaware

Grand Lodge of Maryland

Grand Lodge of Washington D.C.

Grand Lodge of Ohio

Grand Lodge of Virginia

Grand Lodge of Kentucky

Grand Lodge of Tennessee

Grand Lodge of North Carolina

Grand Lodge of Georgia
Grand Lodge of Missouri
Grand Lodge of Oregon
Grand Lodge of California
Grand Lodge of Iowa
Grand Lodge of Washington
Other Masonic Lodges:
St Louis Missouri Lodge No. 1
Fredericksburg Lodge No. 4
Wikipedia:
History of Freemasonry
Premier Grand Lodge of England
Thomas Smith Webb
History of Masonic Grand Lodges in North America
Louisiana Purchase
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Charles Floyd (explorer)
Thomas Webb:
WEBB'S FREEMASON'S MONITOR
Masonic History:
Masonic Trivia
Phoenix Freemasonry:
Phoenix Masonry, Inc.
Masonic Education:
Freemasons and Freemasonry
Old Charges
American Revolution:
The American Revolution, 1763 - 1783
Louisiana Purchase:
The Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark Expedition
Baltimore Convention:
THE CONVENTION THAT CHANGED THE FACE OF FREEMASONRY
The Baltimore Convention
The Convention That Changed Freemasonry
PBS:
The Corps
Lewis and Clark in Kentucky:
Charles Floyd
Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center:
Sioux City Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center
Discovering Lewis and Clark:
Meriwether Lewis, Master Mason
Lewis and Clark.com:
Military Members of the Expedition’s Permanent Party
Wikimedia:
United States 1804
We Proceeded On:
WPO Issue Index
Frances Hunter's American Heroes Blog:
Lewis & Clark as Masons
Journals:
Journals - May 1804 - September 1804
The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Journals of Lewis and Clark, by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
Big Hole Valley:
Wisdom
NIU:
Freemasonry comes to Illinois
Ste. Genevieve:
Freemasonry Crosses the Mississippi
Oregon City:
707 Main Street - Masonic Temple Multnomah No. 1


Hard Copy:
Books:
American Freemasons: Three Centuries of Building Communities by Mark A. Tabbert
Periodicals -
Masonic Analyst:
Lewis and Clark Missouri Masonic Pioneers - p 163-164, No. 3 August, 1926
87th Birthday Celebrated by Multnomah Lodge No. 1 - Vol. 13, No. 5, October, 1935
East to West, Between North and South - Vol. 4
Multnomah Lodge No. 1 Holds Anniversary - Vol. 6, p 231, October, 1928
Masonry in Oregon a Product of Pioneer Life - Vol. 1, Pgs 5-10 & 35-36, June, 1923
Grand Master of Oregon-is Honored by "The Builder", Freemasonry Is in Itself an Education
The Royal Arch Mason Magazine:
The Lewis and Clark Expedition The Masonic Story - Vol. 20, No. 8, p 233-238
Famous Lodges-Louisiana No. 109 - Vol. 5, March 1956, p 150-153
Illinois Lodge of Research:
A History of Kaskaskia Lodge #86 and it's Predecessor Western Star Lodge #107 - Vol. 21, p 21-24
Missouri Grand Lodge Bulletin:
When Freemasonry Followed the Flag - Vol. 4, No. 1, February, 1927, p 19-22

Previous articles:
Freemasonry and the Lewis and Clark Expedition: Introduction
Freemasonry and the Lewis and Clark Expedition: Thank You

Freemasonry and the Lewis and Clark Expedition: Thank You

Thank you to the various web sites, including but not limited: to grand lodge web sites, PBS web sites, University of Nebraska Lincoln web site, the Guttenburg web site, various history web sites, wikipedia, and others too numerous to mention. Without the several and various sources of information this research would have taken a lot longer to complete. As much effort as possible will be taken to link to your web sites within the various articles in this series.

Special thanks goes to:

George Harrison - A friend, brother within the fraternity and mentor who has always been within the length of my cable tow. I have only had to simply ask for his help and he has always freely given it. George was a valuable asset in the research of this series.

Bill Kreuger - Grand Lodge of Iowa Librarian. Bill has been very gracious in sending the requested materials needed for the research of this series.

Grand Lodge of Iowa Library - They have one of the best collections on hand and available to anyone who needs it for research and a user friendly way to search for the cataloged materials.

Bev Hinds -  Bev is an expert on the Lewis and Clark Expedition. She answered my questions and gave me a certain insight and perspective on the expedition causing me to expand my research into something I likely never would have had I not spoken with her.

Staff at Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center in Sioux City, Iowa - They provided valuable information and a specific piece of research materials which helped launch and expand the rest of the research for this series.

My wife for tolerating me and supporting me while creating this series.


Previous articles:
Freemasonry and the Lewis and Clark Expedition: Introduction

Freemasonry and the Lewis and Clark Expedition: Introduction

This series is about the connection between Freemasonry and the Lewis and Clark Expedition  also called the Corps of Discovery. The research done for this series was done objectively. It is left to the individual readers to come to their own conclusions and opinions about any connection between the two. Some may think there is no connection at all. Others may think yes there is a connection they never knew about until now. While others may think the expedition was another method of the Freemasons trying to control the United States and doing so during its early history.

This series will be in two parts. Both will be written in narrative and timeline/chronological format. The first will start as close to Freemasonry's beginnings as possible continue through to the Lewis and and Clark Expedition.  There will be a break in between the two halves of the series. The second part will be about the first lodge west of the Mississippi River and immediately after.

The majority of the articles will be about the link between Freemasonry and the Lewis and Clark Expedition and what happened as a result of the expedition within the Masonic Fraternity. The sections of the articles that are not specifically about the expedition and its link to Freemasonry will be mentioned but without a great deal of detail. Readers are encouraged to conduct their own objective research into anything mentioned in these articles.

The topic of these articles may offend some. If you think you will be offended by this subject matter read no further than this introduction article.

In addition to the current comment requirements for this blog, any discussion via the comment section of these articles shall be civil. Oppressing opinions, name calling, insult of any type will not be tolerated. You may disagree with one another, you may engage in spirited debate but you shall conduct yourselves in a civil manner. It is recommended if you state your opinion that you also show some type of proof based in fact to back it up, especially if you disagree with the content in these articles or with someone we who posts their opinion. If you state facts based on something someone else has written you shall cite your source.

As In a previous series the author of these articles will state his personal opinion as to the connection between the Freemasonry and the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

It is only fair to disclose the author of this blog is himself a Freemason. While this may offer special insight to the topic of this series it in no way makes him bias one way or another as to this subject. There is no one, single spokes person for Freemasonry and the author of this blog is not attempting to be such a person.

As the series progresses the articles may be spaced apart by extended periods of time, but there will be no interruption as to the topic of this series.

The written, (typed), words of the articles created by the author may not be used by others without permission and without credit given to the author. The photo’s, digital scans uploaded to the articles, created by someone else, but used for the articles may be referenced by others unless otherwise noted in the individual articles. The content of the digital scans and photo’s have not been altered, but have been enhanced for easier viewing.

Carnegie Libraries: Sioux City, Iowa: Leeds Neighborhood

With a grant of $85,000 awarded on April 8, 1911 the second Carnegie Library was built in the Leeds neighborhood of Sioux City, Iowa. Today the building serves as an American Legion Hall.

Info. source:
Iowa Library Services - Carnegie Libraries
Wikipedia - Carnegie Libraries of Iowa
Iowa American Legion


Previous articles:
Carnegie Libraries: Intro. and Info.
Carnegie Libraries: Chronology
Carnegie Libraries: Additional Chronology
Sioux City History and Culture by Bicycle Part 53: Sioux City Free Public Museum
Jefferson, Iowa: Jefferson Public Library
Carnegie Libraries: Le Mars Library/Art Center

Carnegie Libraries: Le Mars Library/Art Center

Timeline:

1903 - The Carnegie Library building was designed and constructed.

The architect was John Werling.

Le Mars contractor Zach Eyres was in charge of construction. Eyres built a number of homes and building in Le Mars, including the Tonsfeldt Round Barn moved in 1981 to the Plymouth County Fairgrounds.

Built on a 100-by-72 foot lot, the 52-by-42 foot one story building is constructed of Lake Superior brown sandstone and St. Paul pressed brick. The pink-buff brick structure features two polished Minnesota granite pillars with a 4.3 foot circumference supporting an granite entrance arch. The entrance arch has a keystone and decorative cornice with the initials AC. Completing the entrance are twelve steps with a mosaic landing.

The first floor trim and floor are of rock maple and red oak. The basement concrete floor was finished with Georgia pine.

It is an adaptation of the Renaissance Revival style which is a typical example of small town library architecture from the early 20th century.

February 1904 - The library is dedicated.

1940's to 1950's - The basement rooms were furnished as a children's library room and community room with kitchen.

1976 - Too small to function as a library the books and contents were moved to a larger, newer library building.

The Carnegie library was refurbished into a Civic Center with offices for the Le Mars Arts Council and Le Mars Chamber of Commerce.

1979 - The building was listed on the National Register of Historic places.

September 1991 - The Chamber of Commerce moved to a former Ben Franklin Store building.

2013 - The Le Mars Arts Council established a working wheelchair lift.

2014 - Through the generous support of the Le Mars City Council, the original maple hard wood floors were restored on the main level and the handicapped accessible restroom was constructed.

Today -The Le Mars Arts Center main floor has two art galleries, a children's activity area and gallery, space for performances/receptions, handicapped accessible bathroom, and kitchen. The lower level has an art room,  meeting/event room,  small pottery area, kitchen and restroom.

Info Source: Le Mars Art Center: History

The wallpaper, floor, desk, tables, chairs, shelf unit, coat rack, trim, railing, banister, light fixtures, (except track lighting), and doors shown in the photos are all original to the building.

Previous articles:
Carnegie Libraries: Intro. and Info.
Carnegie Libraries: Chronology
Carnegie Libraries: Additional Chronology
Sioux City History and Culture by Bicycle Part 53: Sioux City Free Public Museum
Jefferson, Iowa: Jefferson Public Library

Carnegie Libraries: Additional Chronology

Additional chronology of Andrew Carnegie libraries and buildings:

Carnegie Corporation of New York - Timeline

History of Andrew Carnegie and Carnegie Libraries

Wikipedia - Andrew Carnegie

Wikipedia - Carnegie Library

Wikipedia - List of Carnegie libraries in the United States

NPR - How Andrew Carnegie Turned His Fortune Into A Library Legacy



Previous articles:
Carnegie Libraries: Intro. and Info.
Carnegie Libraries: Chronology
Sioux City History and Culture by Bicycle Part 53: Sioux City Free Public Museum
Jefferson, Iowa: Jefferson Public Library

Carnegie Libraries: Chronology

Chronology of Andrew Carnegie, The Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Carnegie Libraries:

November 25, 1835 - Andrew Carnegie was born to Margaret and Will Carnegie in Dunfermline, Scotland. Andrew's father, Will, was a skilled weaver. The Carnegie's were one of many working'class families in Dunfermline at the time.

1843 - Andrew's younger brother, Tom is born.

1847 - Steam powered looms are introduced in Dunfemline. Due to automation Andrew's father Will is unemployed.

1848 - The Carnegie's emigrated to the United States and settle in Pittsburgh, PA. Andrew made $1.20 a per week working in a textile mill as a bobbin boy. He later worked in a factory tending the engine and boiler for $2.00 a week. He impressed his supervisor and was promoted to the position of clerk in the factory.

1849 - Andrew worked in a telegraph office as a messenger and earned $2.50 a week. He had a unique skill of memorizing street names and the names of men to whom he delivered messages. He was able to save time by recognizing the recipient of the messages on the street. He was promoted to the position of telegraph operator and made $20 a month.

1853 - Paid $35 per month, Andrew started working at the Pennsylvania Railroad, becoming the personal telegrapher and assistant to the superintendent of the railroad's western division, Thomas Scott. He learns the ins and outs of the railroad industry, making innovations, like keeping the telegraph office open 24 hours a day and clearing the tracks to get trains moving quickly by burning the cars following accidents.

1855 - Andrew is becoming successful in America, but his father Will was not able to find work as a weaver. He tried to produce his own cloth, travelling as far as Cincinnati to sell it but finds few buyers. Will Carnegie dies at the age of 51, leaving Andrew, age 20 as the only bread winner in the family.

1856 - An informant tells Andrew of an upcoming strike by railroad workers and is given a list of their names. He passes it to Thomas Scott who fires the workers, breaking the strike before it began.

Andrew takes out a loan from a local bank and invests over $200,000 in the Woodruff Sleeping Car Company. After two years he begins receiving a return of $5000 annually, more than three times his railroad salary.

1859 - Andrew becomes the superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad's western division making in charge of his own department. With a salary of $1500 a year he and his mother move to the upscale suburb of Homewood.

1861 - Andrew assists Thomas Scott supervise repairs of the railroad lines used by the Union Army during the American Civil War after Confederate mobs in Maryland destroy them. He notices the telegraph lines have also been cut and stops to repair them as well. When he arrived in Washington he joins Thomas Scott in organizing the railroad and telegraph lines to Virginia.

Using money from his investment in the Woodruff Sleeping Car Company, Andrew invests $11,000 in an oil company located in Titusville, PA. After only one year he receives a return of over $17,000

Andrew formed the Freedom Iron Company.

1862 - Andrew travels to Dunfermline.

1863 - With just $2400 coming from his railroad salary, half from his investment in oil, and additional investments of over $13,000 from the Piper and Schiffler Company, the Adams Express Company, and the Central Transportation Company, Andrew's income is $42,000 a year.

1864 - Andrew is drafted into the Union Army. The federal government gave him the option of paying $300 or finding a suitable replacement. Feeling like he has donehis patriotic duty by supervising telegraph telecommunications, he decided to pay a replacement $850 to serve in his place.

1865 - Andrew retired from the railroad. Andrew and several of his associates reorganize the Piper and Schiffler Company into the Keystone Bridge Company. They envisioned building bridges with iron, instead of wood to make them more durable. Thomas Scott loans Carnegie half of the $80,000 he needs for his investment.

1867 - Just two years after founding the Keystone Bridge Company, Andrew and several associates from the railroad established the Keystone Telegraph Company. The Pennsylvania Railroad grants them permission to string telegraph wires across the railroad's poles, which stretch across the entire state. Keystone is able to almost immediately merge with the Pacific and Atlantic Telegraph Company, turning the telegraph into a valuable asset and allowing Keystone's investors to triple their return.

1868 - Writing himself a letter Andrew outlined his plans for his future. He decides to resign made from business and live on an income of $50,000 a year, and devote the remainder of his fortune to the philanthropic causes and his time to his education.

1870 - A mutual friend introduces Andrew to 21 year old Louise Whitfield, the daughter of a wealthy merchant. He continued to call on her family from time to time.

1871 - Henry Clay Frick organizes the Frick Coke Company with money borrowed from family and neighbors.

1872 - During a visit to England Andrew visits Henry Bessemer's steel plants. He had been using Bessemer's process of making steel at the Freedom Iron Company for years. He realizes the commercial potential of steel and returns to America with plans to expand his steel business.

1873 - Andrew donates a pool to Dunfermline.

A financial panic hits the U.S. and Frick borrows more money to buy out his partners and most of his competition.

1875 - Andrew opened his first steel plant, the Edgar Thomson Works, in Braddock, Pennsylvania. It is named for the president of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The first order the plant produced is for 2000 steel rails for the railroad.

1877 - The price of coke had quadrupled and Henry Clay Frick had earned his first million.

1880 - Although Andrew is seeing several women, he is most fond of Louise Whitfield, and calls her his favorite riding partner. They became increasingly closer.

1881 - Andrew, who had been one of Frick's largest coke customers, proposes a merger with Frick. At first the interest only totaled about 11% of the stock, but soon Andrew increases his share to over 50% of the company.

Andrew invites Louise Whitfield to accompany him and his mother, Margaret, on a trip to Scotland. Margaret was jealous and intercedes and Louise stays home. While there Andrew donated the first library outside of the United States.

1883 - Andrew buys a rival steel mill, the Homestead Works.

1886 - Andrew published an essay in Forum Magazine defending workers' rights to organize into a union.
He also publishes Triumphant Democracy, which sells over 70,000 copies and celebrates the American belief in democracy and capitalism.

Andrew catches typhoid. While recovering at his home in Cresson, Pennsylvania he suffers a relapse when he learns of his brother's death. Andrew is still ill a month later and his mother dies of pneumonia. In order to keep Margaret Carnegie's death a secret from her son, her coffin is lowered out of her bedroom window.

1887 - Andrew Carnegie marries Louise Whitfield

Henry Clay Frick organizes a coalition of coke companies to resist striking labor, but Carnegie has a large enough share in Frick's company to force him to settle with the workers. The tension between the two men is resolved for the time being, but Carnegie and Frick will disagree on labor issues in the future.

1889 - Andrew publishes "The Gospel of Wealth." In it he argues that the wealthy have a moral obligation to serve as stewards for society. The following year, his annual take-home pay is $25 million.

1892 - While Andrew is on vacation in Europe the contract at the Homestead Mill expires. He directs Henry Frick to handle the situation. Unable to come to an agreement the workers strike and are locked out. Frick prepares for a standoff with the workers and hired Pinkerton agents to come in to enforce the company side of things. The New York Times writes, "It is evident there is no `bluffing' at Homestead. The fight there is to be to the death." A gun fight ensues for about twelve hours. The Pinkertons surrender and are forced to pass through a crowd of hundreds of workers, who beat them mercilessly, severely injuring twenty of them. The governor sent in the state militia to restore order, reclaim the mill and stop the strike. Strikebreakers are hired to re-open it. The incident marks Andrew Carnegie's image as a friend of the worker.

1897 - Andrew and Louise Carnegie have a daughter, Margaret Carnegie. They search for a home in Scotland with a view of the sea, a waterfall and a trout stream. He purchased Skibo Castle for $85,000 pounds. It was in ruins and did not have a waterfall.

1898 - The U.S. captured the Philippines from Spain at the end of the Spanish-American War and paid $20,000 for the islands. Andrew saw this as imperialistic and offers the islands $20,000 to purchase their independence.

Andrew decided to expand his business by producing finished products, this competed directly with some of J.P. Morgan's interests. Morgan believes Andrew Carnegie has become too much of a threat to his empire and must be bought out entirely.

1899 - Andrew organizes his steel mills into Carnegie Steel.

Due to tensions between Andrew Carnegie and Henry Clay Frick, Andrew asks Henry to resign as chairman of the board. He does so, but questions remain about how much Frick Coke Company will charge Carnegie Steel for the coke.

1900 - Andrew attempts to convince Henry Frick to sell him coke at a cut-rate price, and even to take over Frick's interest in Carnegie Steel. Henry Frick sues for the market value of the coke and they settle out of court.

Andrew Carnegie's annual profit was $40 million.

Andrew established the Carnegie Institute of Technology.

1901 - Andrew Carnegie allows J.P. Morgan to buy Carnegie Steel for $480 million. Morgan turns Carnegie Steel into US Steel, and makes Andrew Carnegie the richest man in the world.

1902 - Andrew founds the Carnegie Institute to provide research for American colleges and universities.

1905 - Andrew establishes the Teachers' Pension Fund with an endowment of $10,000,000.

1910 - Andrew established the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and built the Central American Court of Justice in Costa Rica, which was destroyed by an earthquake that year.

1911 - Andrew the Carnegie Corporation with $125,000,000. The corporation aided colleges, universities, technical schools, scientific research. This was the last philanthropic trust he creates, in all he has given away 90% of his fortune.

1913 - Financed by Andrew Carnegie, the Palace, or Temple of Peace in the Hague is dedicated and has its grand opening.

1914 - As World War I begins Andrew leaves Scotland for the last time.

1916 - Andrew buys the estate, Shadowbrook in Massachussetts.

August 11, 1919 - Andrew Carnegie died in Lenox, Massachusetts. His gravestone is made of stone from Skibo and reads "Born in Dunfermline, Scotland, 25 November 1835. Died in Lenox, Massachusetts, 11 August 1919".

Info. source: PBS American Experience, Andrew Carnegie, Rags to Riches Timeline (text version)

Previous articles:
Carnegie Libraries: Intro. and Info.

Carnegie Libraries: Intro. and Info.

This series is about the Andrew Carnegie Libraries. The library buildings still standing will be visited as they can be, photographed and researched. The series starts with a few articles which are sequential. Following articles may not be sequential and may be spaced far apart.

Starting with the chronology, shown will be the important events of Andrew Carnegie's life, listed in chronological order. Also shown will be web site inks to the chronology of the Carnegie libraries and other buildings, as they are too numerous to list.

After will be the libraries and buildings with the history of each as they are visited, photographed and researched further.

Siouxland Area Crime Stories: December 12, 1922, Mysterious Showers of Bullets Lead to Solution of Murders

How showers of bullets solved 3 murders.

 Previous articles in the series:
Siouxland Area Crime Stories: Introduction
Siouxland Area Crime Stories: December, 1890
Siouxland Area Crime Stories: October, 1893
Siouxland Area Crime Stories: Dead Man's Corner
Siouxland Area Crime Stories: August 25, 1895
Siouxland Area Crime Stories: February, 1903, Dr. H. N. Marvin
Siouxland Area Crime Stories: March, 1903, William Hamel
Siouxland Area Crime Stories: May, 1903, Five Boys Arrested
Siouxland Area Crime Stories: June, 1903, Mr. and Mrs. William Plummer
Siouxland Area Crime Stories: June, 1908, Mel Powers
Siouxland Area Crime Stories: June, 1908, Mrs. Kofranek
Siouxland Area Crime Stories: August, 1911, Who Killed Karoline Gribauczuse?
Siouxland Area Crime Stories: 1913, Found Skeleton
Siouxland Area Crime Stories: April 1913, Illegal Voting
Siouxland Area Crime Stories: April 1916, Young Thieves
Siouxland Area Crime Stories: 1917, Scene of a Memorable Gun Fight
Siouxland Area Crime Stories: June 1917, Egg Ring
Siouxland Area Crime Stories: June 1917, Thecla Gerkin's Rendevous with Death
Siouxland Area Crime Stories: August, 1917, Finger Prints

Siouxland Area Crime Stories: January 12, 1920, When Death Stalked the Railroad Tracks
Siouxland Area Crime Stories: 1922, $1,300,000 Swindle